qadic.h – unramified extensions over p-adic numbers¶
Data structures¶
We represent an element of the extension
\(\mathbf{Q}_q \cong \mathbf{Q}_p[X] / (f(X))\) as
a polynomial in \(\mathbf{Q}_p[X]\) of degree less
than \(\deg(f)\).
As such, qadic_struct
and qadic_t
are
typedef’ed as padic_poly_struct
and padic_poly_t
.
Context¶
We represent an unramified extension of \(\mathbf{Q}_p\)
via \(\mathbf{Q}_q \cong \mathbf{Q}_p[X] / (f(X))\),
where \(f \in \mathbf{Q}_p[X]\) is a monic, irreducible
polynomial which we assume to actually be in \(\mathbf{Z}[X]\).
The first field in the context structure is a \(p\)-adic
context struct pctx
, which contains data about
the prime~`p`, precomputed powers, the printing mode etc.
The polynomial \(f\) is represented as a sparse polynomial
using two arrays \(j\) and \(a\) of length len
, where
\(f(X) = \sum_{i} a_{i} X^{j_{i}}\). We also assume that
the array~`j` is sorted in ascending order.
We choose this data structure to improve reduction
modulo \(f(X)\) in \(\mathbf{Q}_p[X]\), assuming a sparse
polynomial \(f(X)\) is chosen.
The field var
contains the name of a generator
of the extension, which is used when printing the
elements.
-
void
qadic_ctx_init_conway
(qadic_ctx_t ctx, const fmpz_t p, slong d, slong min, slong max, const char *var, enum padic_print_mode mode)¶ Initialises the context
ctx
with prime \(p\), extension degree \(d\), variable namevar
and printing modemode
.Stores powers of \(p\) with exponents between
min
(inclusive) andmax
exclusive. Assumes thatmin
is at mostmax
.Assumes that \(p\) is a prime.
Assumes that the string
var
is a null-terminated string of length at least one.Assumes that the printing mode is one of
PADIC_TERSE
,PADIC_SERIES
, orPADIC_VAL_UNIT
.This function also carries out some relevant precomputation for arithmetic in \(\mathbf{Q}_p / (p^N)\) such as powers of \(p\) close to \(p^N\).
-
void
qadic_ctx_clear
(qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Clears all memory that has been allocated as part of the context.
-
slong
qadic_ctx_degree
(const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns the extension degree.
-
static __inline__ void
qadic_ctx_print
(const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Prints the data from the given context.
Memory management¶
-
void
qadic_init
(qadic_t rop)¶ Initialises the element
rop
, setting its value to~`0`.
-
void
qadic_init2
(qadic_t rop, slong prec)¶ Initialises the element
rop
with the given output precision, setting the value to~`0`.
-
void
qadic_clear
(qadic_t rop)¶ Clears the element
rop
.
-
void
_fmpz_poly_reduce
(fmpz *R, slong lenR, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong len)¶ Reduces a polynomial
(R, lenR)
modulo a sparse monic polynomial \(f(X) = \sum_{i} a_{i} X^{j_{i}}\) of degree at least~`2`.Assumes that the array \(j\) of positive length
len
is sorted in ascending order.Allows zero-padding in
(R, lenR)
.
-
void
_fmpz_mod_poly_reduce
(fmpz *R, slong lenR, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong len, const fmpz_t p)¶ Reduces a polynomial
(R, lenR)
modulo a sparse monic polynomial \(f(X) = \sum_{i} a_{i} X^{j_{i}}\) of degree at least~`2` in \(\mathbf{Z}/(p)\), where \(p\) is typically a prime power.Assumes that the array \(j\) of positive length
len
is sorted in ascending order.Allows zero-padding in
(R, lenR)
.
-
void
qadic_reduce
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Reduces
rop
modulo \(f(X)\) and \(p^N\).
Properties¶
-
slong
qadic_val
(const qadic_t op)¶ Returns the valuation of
op
.
-
slong
qadic_prec
(const qadic_t op)¶ Returns the precision of
op
.
Randomisation¶
-
void
qadic_randtest
(qadic_t rop, flint_rand_t state, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Generates a random element of \(\mathbf{Q}_q\).
-
void
qadic_randtest_not_zero
(qadic_t rop, flint_rand_t state, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Generates a random non-zero element of \(\mathbf{Q}_q\).
-
void
qadic_randtest_val
(qadic_t rop, flint_rand_t state, slong v, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Generates a random element of \(\mathbf{Q}_q\) with prescribed valuation
val
.Note that if \(v \geq N\) then the element is necessarily zero.
-
void
qadic_randtest_int
(qadic_t rop, flint_rand_t state, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Generates a random element of \(\mathbf{Q}_q\) with non-negative valuation.
Assignments and conversions¶
-
void
qadic_set
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op)¶ Sets
rop
toop
.
-
void
qadic_zero
(qadic_t rop)¶ Sets
rop
to zero.
-
void
qadic_one
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to one, reduced in the given context.Note that if the precision \(N\) is non-positive then
rop
is actually set to zero.
-
void
qadic_gen
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the generator \(X\) for the extension when \(N > 0\), and zero otherwise. If the extension degree is one, raises an abort signal.
-
void
qadic_set_ui
(qadic_t rop, ulong op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the integerop
, reduced in the context.
-
int
qadic_get_padic
(padic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ If the element
op
lies in \(\mathbf{Q}_p\), setsrop
to its value and returns~`1`; otherwise, returns~`0`.
Comparison¶
-
int
qadic_is_zero
(const qadic_t op)¶ Returns whether
op
is equal to zero.
-
int
qadic_is_one
(const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns whether
op
is equal to one in the given context.
-
int
qadic_equal
(const qadic_t op1, const qadic_t op2)¶ Returns whether
op1
andop2
are equal.
Basic arithmetic¶
-
void
qadic_add
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op1, const qadic_t op2, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the sum ofop1
andop2
.Assumes that both
op1
andop2
are reduced in the given context and ensures thatrop
is, too.
-
void
qadic_sub
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op1, const qadic_t op2, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the difference ofop1
andop2
.Assumes that both
op1
andop2
are reduced in the given context and ensures thatrop
is, too.
-
void
qadic_neg
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the negative ofop
.Assumes that
op
is reduced in the given context and ensures thatrop
is, too.
-
void
qadic_mul
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op1, const qadic_t op2, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the product ofop1
andop2
, reducing the output in the given context.
-
void
_qadic_inv
(fmpz *rop, const fmpz *op, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N)¶ Sets
(rop, d)
to the inverse of(op, len)
modulo \(f(X)\) given by(a,j,lena)
and \(p^N\).Assumes that
(op,len)
has valuation~`0`, that is, that it represents a \(p\)-adic unit.Assumes that
len
is at most \(d\).Does not support aliasing.
-
void
qadic_inv
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the inverse ofop
, reduced in the given context.
-
void
_qadic_pow
(fmpz *rop, const fmpz *op, slong len, const fmpz_t e, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p)¶ Sets
(rop, 2*d-1)
to(op,len)
raised to the power~`e`, reduced modulo \(f(X)\) given by(a, j, lena)
and \(p\), which is expected to be a prime power.Assumes that \(e \geq 0\) and that
len
is positive and at most~`d`.Although we require that
rop
provides space for \(2d - 1\) coefficients, the output will be reduces modulo \(f(X)\), which is a polynomial of degree~`d`.Does not support aliasing.
Special functions¶
-
void
_qadic_exp_rectangular
(fmpz *rop, const fmpz *op, slong v, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N, const fmpz_t pN)¶ Sets
(rop, 2*d - 1)
to the exponential of(op, v, len)
reduced modulo \(p^N\), assuming that the series converges.Assumes that
(op, v, len)
is non-zero.Does not support aliasing.
-
int
qadic_exp_rectangular
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns whether the exponential series converges at
op
and setsrop
to its value reduced modulo in the given context.
-
void
_qadic_exp_balanced
(fmpz *rop, const fmpz *x, slong v, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N, const fmpz_t pN)¶ Sets
(rop, d)
to the exponential of(op, v, len)
reduced modulo \(p^N\), assuming that the series converges.Assumes that
len
is in \([1,d)\) but supports zero padding, including the special case when(op, len)
is zero.Supports aliasing between
rop
andop
.
-
int
qadic_exp_balanced
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns whether the exponential series converges at
op
and setsrop
to its value reduced modulo in the given context.
-
void
_qadic_exp
(fmpz *rop, const fmpz *op, slong v, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N)¶ Sets
(rop, 2*d - 1)
to the exponential of(op, v, len)
reduced modulo \(p^N\), assuming that the series converges.Assumes that
(op, v, len)
is non-zero.Does not support aliasing.
-
int
qadic_exp
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns whether the exponential series converges at
op
and setsrop
to its value reduced modulo in the given context.The exponential series converges if the valuation of
op
is at least~`2` or \(1\) when \(p\) is even or odd, respectively.
-
void
_qadic_log_rectangular
(fmpz *z, const fmpz *y, slong v, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N, const fmpz_t pN)¶ Computes
\[z = - \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \frac{y^i}{i} \pmod{p^N}.\]Note that this can be used to compute the \(p\)-adic logarithm via the equation
\[\begin{split}\begin{align*} \log(x) & = \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{i-1} \frac{(x-1)^i}{i} \\ & = - \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{(1-x)^i}{i}. \end{align*}\end{split}\]Assumes that \(y = 1 - x\) is non-zero and that \(v = \ord_p(y)\) is at least \(1\) when \(p\) is odd and at least \(2\) when \(p = 2\) so that the series converges.
Assumes that \(y\) is reduced modulo \(p^N\).
Assumes that \(v < N\), and in particular \(N \geq 2\).
Supports aliasing between \(y\) and \(z\).
-
int
qadic_log_rectangular
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const padic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns whether the \(p\)-adic logarithm function converges at
op
, and if so setsrop
to its value.
-
void
_qadic_log_balanced
(fmpz *z, const fmpz *y, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N, const fmpz_t pN)¶ Computes \((z, d)\) as
\[z = - \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \frac{y^i}{i} \pmod{p^N}.\]Assumes that \(v = \ord_p(y)\) is at least \(1\) when \(p\) is odd and at least \(2\) when \(p = 2\) so that the series converges.
Supports aliasing between \(z\) and \(y\).
-
int
qadic_log_balanced
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns whether the \(p\)-adic logarithm function converges at
op
, and if so setsrop
to its value.
-
void
_qadic_log
(fmpz *z, const fmpz *y, slong v, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N, const fmpz_t pN)¶ Computes \((z, d)\) as
\[z = - \sum_{i = 1}^{\infty} \frac{y^i}{i} \pmod{p^N}.\]Note that this can be used to compute the \(p\)-adic logarithm via the equation
\[\begin{split}\begin{align*} \log(x) & = \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{i-1} \frac{(x-1)^i}{i} \\ & = - \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{(1-x)^i}{i}. \end{align*}\end{split}\]Assumes that \(y = 1 - x\) is non-zero and that \(v = \ord_p(y)\) is at least \(1\) when \(p\) is odd and at least \(2\) when \(p = 2\) so that the series converges.
Assumes that \((y, d)\) is reduced modulo \(p^N\).
Assumes that \(v < N\), and hence in particular \(N \geq 2\).
Supports aliasing between \(z\) and \(y\).
-
int
qadic_log
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Returns whether the \(p\)-adic logarithm function converges at
op
, and if so setsrop
to its value.The \(p\)-adic logarithm function is defined by the usual series
\[\log_p(x) = \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} (-1)^{i-1} \frac{(x-1)^i}{i}\]but this only converges when \(\ord_p(x)\) is at least \(2\) or \(1\) when \(p = 2\) or \(p > 2\), respectively.
-
void
_qadic_frobenius_a
(fmpz *rop, slong e, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N)¶ Computes \(\sigma^e(X) \bmod{p^N}\) where \(X\) is such that \(\mathbf{Q}_q \cong \mathbf{Q}_p[X]/(f(X))\).
Assumes that the precision \(N\) is at least~`2` and that the extension is non-trivial, i.e.\(d \geq 2\).
Assumes that \(0 < e < d\).
Sets
(rop, 2*d-1)
, although the actual length of the output will be at most~`d`.
-
void
_qadic_frobenius
(fmpz *rop, const fmpz *op, slong len, slong e, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N)¶ Sets
(rop, 2*d-1)
to \(\Sigma\) evaluated at(op, len)
.Assumes that
len
is positive but at most~`d`.Assumes that \(0 < e < d\).
Does not support aliasing.
-
void
qadic_frobenius
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, slong e, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Evaluates the homomorphism \(\Sigma^e\) at
op
.Recall that \(\mathbf{Q}_q / \mathbf{Q}_p\) is Galois with Galois group \(\langle \Sigma \rangle \cong \langle \sigma \rangle\), which is also isomorphic to \(\mathbf{Z}/d\mathbf{Z}\), where \(\sigma \in \Gal(\mathbf{F}_q/\mathbf{F}_p)\) is the Frobenius element \(\sigma \colon x \mapsto x^p\) and \(\Sigma\) is its lift to \(\Gal(\mathbf{Q}_q/\mathbf{Q}_p)\).
This functionality is implemented as
GaloisImage()
in Magma.
-
void
_qadic_teichmuller
(fmpz *rop, const fmpz *op, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N)¶ Sets
(rop, d)
to the Teichm”uller lift of(op, len)
modulo~`p^N`.Does not support aliasing.
-
void
qadic_teichmuller
(qadic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the Teichm”uller lift ofop
to the precision given in the context.For a unit
op
, this is the unique \((q-1)`th root of unity which is congruent to ``op`\) modulo~`p`.Sets
rop
to zero ifop
is zero in the given context.Raises an exception if the valuation of
op
is negative.
-
void
_qadic_trace
(fmpz_t rop, const fmpz *op, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t pN)¶
-
void
qadic_trace
(padic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the trace ofop
.For an element \(a \in \mathbf{Q}_q\), multiplication by \(a\) defines a \(\mathbf{Q}_p\)-linear map on \(\mathbf{Q}_q\). We define the trace of \(a\) as the trace of this map. Equivalently, if \(\Sigma\) generates \(\Gal(\mathbf{Q}_q / \mathbf{Q}_p)\) then the trace of \(a\) is equal to \(\sum_{i=0}^{d-1} \Sigma^i (a)\).
-
void
_qadic_norm
(fmpz_t rop, const fmpz *op, slong len, const fmpz *a, const slong *j, slong lena, const fmpz_t p, slong N)¶ Sets
rop
to the norm of the element(op,len)
in \(\mathbf{Z}_q\) to precision \(N\), wherelen
is at least one.The result will be reduced modulo \(p^N\).
Note that whenever
(op,len)
is a unit, so is its norm. Thus, the outputrop
of this function will typically not have to be canonicalised or reduced by the caller.
-
void
qadic_norm
(padic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Computes the norm of
op
to the given precision.Algorithm selection is automatic depending on the input.
-
void
qadic_norm_analytic
(padic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Whenever
op
has valuation greater than \((p-1)^{-1}\), this routine computes its normrop
via\[\Norm (x) = \exp \Bigl( \bigl( \Trace \log (x) \bigr) \Bigr).\]In the special case that
op
lies in \(\mathbf{Q}_p\), returns its norm as \(\Norm(x) = x^d\), where \(d\) is the extension degree.Otherwise, raises an
abort
signal.The complexity of this implementation is quasi-linear in \(d\) and \(N\), and polynomial in \(\log p\).
-
void
qadic_norm_resultant
(padic_t rop, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Sets
rop
to the norm ofop
, using the formula\[\Norm(x) = \ell(f)^{-\deg(a)} \Res(f(X), a(X)),\]where \(\mathbf{Q}_q \cong \mathbf{Q}_p[X] / (f(X))\), \(\ell(f)\) is the leading coefficient of \(f(X)\), and \(a(X) \in mathbf{Q}_p[X]\) denotes the same polynomial as \(x\).
The complexity of the current implementation is given by \(\mathcal{O}(d^4 M(N \log p))\), where \(M(n)\) denotes the complexity of multiplying to \(n\)-bit integers.
Output¶
-
int
qadic_fprint_pretty
(FILE *file, const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Prints a pretty representation of
op
tofile
.In the current implementation, always returns~`1`. The return code is part of the function’s signature to allow for a later implementation to return the number of characters printed or a non-positive error code.
-
int
qadic_print_pretty
(const qadic_t op, const qadic_ctx_t ctx)¶ Prints a pretty representation of
op
tostdout
.In the current implementation, always returns~`1`. The return code is part of the function’s signature to allow for a later implementation to return the number of characters printed or a non-positive error code.